Are you talking about replacing broken pullchains in existing fans and lights, or adding new ones where none existed?
Assuming the former . . . replace the pullchains with those identical to the broken ones and wire them the same way.
Assuming the latter . . .
If your fans do not have pullchains then chances are they have remote controls or the like. Light fixtures without pullchains, the only way to add them is to drilla hole in the housing the size of the pull chain coller, attach it, and wire it in series with the socket(s).
FOr more information on ceiling fan parts:
http://www.ceiling-fans-n-more.com/ceiling-fan-parts.php